This US study compared children from families who were never poor, poor only during the child's infancy), poor only after infancy (49 years of age), and chronically poor. The latter provided lower quality childrearing environments, and children showed lower cognitive performance and more behaviour problems. Being poor later in the child's life tended to be more detrimental than early poverty.
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. Child Development 76(4): 795- 810, July 2005. Abstract: http://www.srcd.org/pubs.html
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