Dr Barnardo's name for many is synonymous with orphanages. The first orphanage was set up in Stepney in the East End of London in 1870 and by the time Dr Barnardo died there were nearly 8,000 children in 96 residential homes.
In 2005 the charity no longer runs orphanages but supports more than 100,000 children, young people and families across the UK in 361 projects.
The report, Then and Now, shows that in many ways the problems have not changed for today's children.
It highlights five of these areas - poverty, health and well-being, substance misuse, crime and justice, and sexual exploitation - and compares the circumstances and expectations of children in 1905 with 2005.
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